A trauma bond is an emotional attachment that can form in an abusive relationship, specifically the connection the victim feels toward the perpetrator. A trauma bond is characterized by cycles of ...

Almost everyone has experienced a toxic relationship at some point in their life — whether with a romantic partner, a family member or even a friend. Trauma-bonded relationships fall under this ...

Intergenerational trauma occurs when multiple generations of a family feel the effects of past traumatic events. These effects can be emotional or physical. Traumatic events can influence a person’s ...

A 1998 study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine found that children who experience four or more traumatic experiences were expected to have worse health outcomes compared to those who ...

Negative reinforcement encourages specific behaviors by removing or avoiding negative consequences or stimuli. It is different than punishment, which aims to discourage a specific behavior. Negative ...

Contingent: depending on something else that might or might not happen; likely, but not certain to happen (e.g., plans to go to the beach are contingent on the weather) (From Merriam-Webster) Positive ...