Delay differential equations (DDEs) extend the classical framework of differential equations by incorporating terms that depend on past states, thus capturing the intrinsic time delays found in many ...

Differential equations are equations that contain derivatives. The equations are used in calculus to describe relationships among one or more variables. A solution to any series of equations can be ...

Differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) serve as a critical framework in mathematical modelling by integrating both differential and algebraic components to represent systems with inherent constraints ...