To break out of Earth's lower orbit, hypersonic vehicles must reach speeds greater than Mach 5. At these hypersonic speeds, the air particles and gases that flow around the vehicle and interact with ...

From the smooth, orderly layers of laminar motion to the chaotic swirls of turbulence, understanding fluid flow is key to engineering success. The Reynolds number, continuity equation, and insights ...

Blood flow in the human body is generally assumed to be smooth due to its low speed and high viscosity. Unsteadiness in blood flow is linked to various cardiovascular diseases and has been shown to ...

From the sleek hulls of racing yachts to Michael Phelps’ shaved legs, most objects that move through the water quickly are smooth. But researchers have found that bumpiness can sometimes be better.

One of the first things most people do in the morning is turn on a tap in the bathroom. Provided we are not too sleepy, we cannot fail to notice what is often considered to be the greatest unsolved ...

Introduction Have you ever seen a wind turbine? Wind turbines are large towers with blades on top that are spun by the wind. They are one source of clean, renewable energy. They use the movement from ...

A pipeline may appear calm and quiet on the outside, but inside it’s a roiling mess. At anything other than low rates of flow, a fluid being transported, like oil, water or natural gas, becomes ...

Introduction Do you ever wonder why we perform tasks in a particular way? Very often we learn by copying someone and never stop to question if there is a more efficient or easier way to do something.