The performance, reliability and longevity of machined parts often depend on the physical characteristics of their functional surfaces. However, legacy surface roughness parameters, such as R a, are ...

Metrology is the science of precise measurement. It ensures accuracy and consistency across scientific, industrial, and engineering fields. Calibration is the process of aligning measurement ...

Surface metrology has emerged as a critical discipline in precision engineering, providing detailed insights into surface characteristics that determine product performance and durability. Modern ...