However, not all innovations are equal, and nor do they follow a constant upward trend. Instead, their evolution takes the form of an S-shaped curve that reflects their typical lifecycle from early ...

Automakers have long touted the benefits of fuel injection, claiming increased efficiency and power. But as more cars have the system installed (around 73% in 2023), more and more consumers are ...

Automobile engines have undergone tons of changes over the years, primarily to make them more efficient. For the most part though, engine changes result from a string of iterative improvements on ...

Port fuel injection (PFI) was a major milestone in the early '80s. The integration of PFI rapidly changed the way fuel was delivered by increasing fuel economy and improving engine performance. Even ...

Gasoline direct injection, or GDI, is one of the most crucial bits of technology in the modern internal combustion engine. In engines equipped with GDI, highly pressurized gasoline is sprayed directly ...

This study investigates the formation of wall films in direct injection engines, a key factor in particulate matter generation. The results show that cold fuel adheres more to the wall creating ...